1. Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged In Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers: The Free Press (New York 1990): Chapter 2.
2. John R. Spears: The American Slave Trade: Charles Scribners Sons(New York 1900): pages 3-7.
3. Herbert S. Klein: Slavery in The Americas: University of Chicago Press(Chicago 1967) pages 7,8.
4. Ivan Van Sertima: African Presence in Early America: Transaction(New Brunswick 1987)
5. Glatthaar: Forged in Battle; page 2.
6. Russel F. Weigley: History of the United States Army: MacMillan Company:(New York 1967) page 211.
7. Elon A. Woodward: The Negro in the Military Service of the United States 1669-1886: Adjutant General’s Office: Microfilm Publication M858: National Archives (Washington 1888): page 2.
8. Phillip St.Laurent : The Buffalo Soldiers: tuesday Publications,Inc. 1970: page 2.
9. Woodward: The negro in the Military Service of the United States: page 14.
10. John K. Mahon: History of the Militia and National Guard: MacMillan Company:( New York 1983): page 22; Lorenzo Green: The Negro in the Armed Forces, 1619-1783: Negro History Bulletin: October 1951: page 122.
11. ibid,:Woodward; page 50
12. ibid,:Woodward: page 50.
13. ibid,:Woodward: pages 51-53; St. Laurent: page 2.
14. Mark E. Lender: The New Jersey Soldier: ( Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission 1977): pages 17,18; Richard S. Walling: Men of Color at the Battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778:( New Jersey: Friends of the Monmouth Battlefield,Inc.:1993: pages 15,16.
15. ibid., St. Laurent: page 3.
16. ibid., Woodward: page 98, St. Laurent: page 3.
17.ibid., Woodward quoting Bancroft: History of the United States: Vol. 5:page 277.
18. Robert J. Gough: Black Men and The Early New Jersey Militia: New Jersey History: Vol.LXXXVIII: number 4 ( Winter 1970) pages 230-236.
19.ibid., St. Laurent: page3.
20.ibid., St. Laurent: page3.
21.ibid., Woodward: page 288.
22. James B. Whisker: African- American Gunsmiths: The Gun Report: Vol. 37: No.4: September 1991.
23. Glatthaar: Forged in Battle: page 2.
24. Dudley taylor Cornish: The Sable Arm: University Press of Kansas: 1987 Edition: pages 5,6.
25. ibid.,Cornish: page 2.
26. ibid., cornish: page25.
27. Fred A. Shannon: The Federal Government and the Negro Soldier: The Journal Of Negro History: Vol. XI: October 1926: page 565.
28. The War of the Rebellion:Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies: 128 Volumes:(Washington 1880-1902: 1 Series:Vol. VIII: page370.(Cited hereafter as Official Records)
29. United States Statutes at Large: Vol. XII: July 17 1862: page 597.
30. James L. McPherson: Battle Cry of Freedom: Oxford University Press 1988:quoting U.S. Statutes at Large:Vol.V.
31. Ira Berlin, Joseph P. Reidy and Leslie S. Rowland editors: Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation 1861-1867: Series II: The Black Military Experience: Cambridge 1982: pages 37-40.
32. ibid., Berlin: page 40.
33. Geoffrey C. Ward, Ric Burns and Ken Burns:The Civil War- An Illustrated History: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.: New York 1990: page 253.
34. Official Records: Series 1:Vol 5: pages 556,557.
35. Official Records: Series 4:Vol. 3: pages1161,1162.
36. Ward: The Civil War, An Illustrated History: page 253.
37. Official Records: Series 3: Vol.II: pages 436-438.
38. Larry A. Greene: The Emancipation Proclamation In New Jersey and the Paranoid Style: New Jersey History: Vol. XCI: No. 2( Summer 1973): pages 112-121.
39. Official Records: Series 1:Vol.XIV: pages 377-378.
40. Official Records: Series 1:Vol.XIV: pages 377-378.
41. Cornish: The Sable Arm page 95.
42. Weigley: History of the United States Army: page 213.
43. Kenneth W. Munden and Henry Putney Beers: Guide to Federal Archives Relating to the Civil War: Washington: 1962: page262.
44. Weigley: History of the United States Army: page213.
45. Frederick Douglass: Douglass’ Monthly: V: March 1863: page 801.
46. Official Records: Series 3: Vol.V: page 658.
47. John MacDonald: Great Battles of the Civil War: MacMillan: New York: 1988: page 146.
48.Cornish: The Sable Arm: page 144: quoting Official Records: Series 1: Vol.XXIV: Dennis to Grant: June 12.
49. Allan Nevins: The War for the Union: War Becomes Revolution: Vol. 2: Charles Scribners and Sons: New York: 1960: page 519.
50.Carl Sandburg: Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years: One Vol.Ed: Harcourt Brace & Co.: New York: 1954: page 370.
51. Frederick M. Binder: Journal of Negro History: Vol. 37: October 1952.
52. Joseph G. Billy: Forgotten Warriors: New Jersey’s African- American Soldiers in the Civil War: Longstreet House: Hightstown New Jersey 1993: page 11.
53. ibid., Binder: page 386.
54. ibid., Binder: page 387.
55. ibid., Binder: page 388.
56. Cornish: The Sable Arm: page 214.
57. Binder: Journal of Negro History: page 399.
58. Cornish: The Sable Arm: page 221.
59. ibid., Cornish: pages 253-254.
60. Frederick Douglass: The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: Collier Books: MacMillan Publishing Co.: New York 1962.
61. Nevins: The War for the Union: page 525.
62. Frederick Phisterer: New York in the War of the Rebellion: 2nd edition: Albany 1890: page 43.
63. ibid., Billy: page 24.
64. Dudley Taylor Cornish: The Union Army as a Training School For Negroes:Journal of Negro History:Vol. 37: October 1952: quoting Francis Beecher Perkins: Two Years with a Colored Regiment: New England Magazine: XVII: January 1898: page 394.
65. Sandburg: Abraham Lincoln: page 380.
66. Frederick Douglass’ Monthly:August 1863.
67. Glatthaar: Forged In Battle; page 12.
68. Binder: Journal of Negro History: pages 397-398.
69. ibid., Binder: page 396: quoting E.R.Turner: The Negro in Pennsylvania 1689-1861: page 251.
70. Ward: The Civil War an Illustrated History: page 247.
71. Glatthaar: Forged in Battle: pages 66-67.
72. ibid., Glatthaar: page 93.
73. ibid., Glatthaar: page 173.
74. ibid., Glatthaar: page 79.
75. ibid., Glatthaar: page 69.
76. Official Records: Series II, Vol. 4: page 916: Beauregard to W. Porcher Miles.
77. Berlin: Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation: page 585.
78. Glatthaar: Forged in Battle:page 156.
79. Official Records: Series 1: Vol.XXXII Part 1 : page 610.
80. Cornish: The sable Arm: page 173
81. Glatthaar: Forged In Battle; page 155: quoting Benjamin F. Stevens to Mother august 12 1863: Ellis: The Civil War Letters of an Iowa Family: page 582.
82. James H. Whyte: Marylands’ Negro Regiments, How, Where They Served: Civil War Times Illustrated: July 1962: page 4.
83. Frederick Henry Dyer: A Compendium of The War of The Rebellion: Compiled and Arranged from the Official Records: Des Moines Iowa 1908.
84. Munden and Beers: Guide to the Federal Archives Relating to the Civil War: page 263.
85. Luis F, Emilio: A Brave Black Regiment : History of the Fifty Fourth Regiment: Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry: Boston Book Company: Boston 1894: pages 68-70.
86. ibid., Emilio: pages 72-73.
87. Glatthaar: page 139: quoting Lewis Douglass to Amelia: July 20 1863: Carter Woodson Papers.
88. Cornish: The Sable Arm: page 155.
89. ibid., Cornish: page 231.
90. ibid., Cornish: page 229-231
91. W.J.Tenney: The Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the United States: New York 1866: page 507.
92. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel eds: Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: 4 vols: New York 1888: Vol. IV: page 80.
93. Cornish: The Sable Arm: pages 275-276.
94. L.D.Raddick: The Negro Policy of the United States Army 1775-1945: Journal of Negro History: Vol.34: January 1949.
95. Herbert Aptheker: Negro Casualties in the Civil War: The Journal of Negro History: Vol. 32 No. 1: January 1947.
96. Raddick:The Negro Policy of the United States Army: Journal of Negro History: Vol. 34: January 1949.
97. Cornish: The Sable Arm: quoting Moruan’s Reminiscences: page 445.
98. Johnson and Buel: Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: Vol.IV page 757.
99. Official Records: Series IV: page 291.
100. Cornish: The Sable Arm: page 291.